The Empty Spaces

Pink Floyd’s feature-length music video, The Wall, turns forty this year—and the temptations to despair it depicts haven’t changed much.

Review by Michael O’Malley

The Wall has been with me a long time.

Its story is well-trod at this point: in 1977, world-famous English art rock band Pink Floyd went on an expansive arena tour, an experience so miserable that the band created a whole follow-up album about their disaffection and exhaustion. That album was The Wall, a “rock opera” about Pink, an English rock star who builds a mental “wall” around himself out of alienation and trauma. A few years later, Alan Parker directed a feature-length movie adaptation. The film and the album are synchronous: Parker’s movie is a feature-length music video, dramatizing the album through a dream-logic parade of surreal, nightmarish footage of Bob Geldof writhing through Pink’s tribulations, punctuated by stunning animation by Gerald Scarfe, a cartoonist who had worked on the album’s liner notes. That film turns forty this year. I turned thirty-two in July.

The album and film have, since their releases, been near-ubiquitous staples of angsty teens, particularly teen boys. This Millennial writer doesn’t know whether or not the Zoomers listen to Pink Floyd, but for a while, there was a deep connection between young adults and The Wall. I have vivid memories of seeing the iconography among my mid-2000s high school peers; the “We don’t need no education” chant of “Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)” has been the frustrated mantra of bored, edgy students for decades; slightly less famous songs like “Comfortably Numb” and “Run Like Hell” were staples of the rock radio I grew up with. In short, we spent a lot of time with The Wall. The album speaks deeply to a certain self-pitying, embattled mindset endemic in teenagerdom, and I don’t mean that pejoratively: to have captured the complexity of this emotional landscape with its grandiose yet intentionally off-putting style is a stunning achievement that other similar rock-opera-to-film-adaptation projects (e.g., 1975’s Tommy) have fallen short of.

But returning to this film for the first time in several years, I was struck by how upsetting an experience it is to sit through. Now I see that it is not peddling garden-variety angst, at least not the morose kind glibly evoked in teen media clichés; no, The Wall contains something much darker.

Fascism is a lie that turns perceived grievances into fantasies of power and domination.

For starters, there is Pink’s deep hatred of women. He returns repeatedly to the idea that women have made him this way, from his suffocating mother, to the groupies he sleeps with (and abuses) as a rock star, to the “fat and psychopathic wives” whose haranguing of their schoolmaster husbands is displaced onto young Pink at school. The film in particular makes this hard to miss, especially in the animation, which often uses the motif of a sinister-looking flower drawn to resemble female genitalia, which in one sequence even devours a second, distinctly phallic flower. That Pink participates in such a very ugly vein of misogyny never occurred to us as teens.

Even more repulsive is the story’s climax: Pink is forced by his manager to go onstage in a deeply depressed state, and in response, Pink dons a fascist persona who turns the concert into a pogrom-esque rally encouraging a “final solution” for “the queers and the coons and the reds and the Jews.” Those quotes are taken directly from the track “Waiting for the Worms,” and the film leaves even less to the imagination. In several animated sequences, the hammers that build the metaphorical wall form a crossed symbol whose angles and red-and-black colors are heavily evocative of the Nazi swastika, and even more explicitly, the late-film concert sequence has Pink marching into the arena with a posse decked out in a dark, jackbooted uniform. As the rally starts in earnest during the song “Run Like Hell,” we see in stomach-churning detail militarized concertgoers rushing from the show to brutalize racial minorities in the streets and ransack their houses and businesses.

So no, this is no typical movie angst. It’s disconcertingly real.

The Wall was made in the shadow of Pink Floyd’s experiences throughout the back half of the 1970s, not just their ’77 tour but also their observations of a British rock scene that had become alarmingly fascist-adjacent, with artists as prominent as David Bowie and Eric Clapton expressing admiration of fascist ideas (Clapton in particular may have been a direct inspiration for The Wall, as Pink’s “Are there any queers in the theatre tonight?” rant is eerily similar to a tirade Clapton went on in a 1976 concert, down to even the specific slurs used). Overlayed on this (especially in the movie) is a deep anxiety over the newly appointed Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the generally rightward lurch of British politics at the time.

I was ignorant of that cultural context as I obsessed over The Wall as a teen, which is probably why the text of Pink’s rally slid past me, but in the years since, Pink’s journey has become sickeningly familiar. It is impossible to watch his trajectory from adolescent pain to misogyny to fascism and not see mirrored in it the way that so many young American men over the past decade have been pipelined from reactionary misogyny to the alt-right to the openly far-right, oftentimes lashing out at the same targets as Pink does: women, queer folk, Marxists, racial and ethnic minorities.

Obviously, Pink is an unreliable narrator; the misogyny, the homophobia, the racism—presumably neither Pink Floyd nor Alan Parker thinks these accurately identify the sources of Pink’s pain, and the fact that Pink does is symptomatic of his skewed perception of reality. Fascism is, of course, a lie that turns perceived grievances into fantasies of power and domination.

For too many people I know, the pain and fear from these institutional betrayals have provoked them to flail wildly for meaning and control.

The Wall gives glimpses at what the band and Parker considered the real answers: an absent father, abusive treatment from teachers, exploitation from his bosses. The film, through sequences that expand Pink’s past to show his crumbling, working-class hometown and his previous involvement in anti-war protests, shows even further wrinkles that splay out into the broader cultural malaise: the stalling of civil rights progress, the crushing of student movements by police, the collapse of working-class communities under economic austerity and deindustrialization.

These are legitimate problems that have oppressed and alienated significant swaths of the Western world for decades. And like Pink, a fair number of people who have found themselves suffering either materially or psychologically from these environments have drifted toward the extreme right wing.

I have watched some of the family and friends with whom years ago I listened to The Wall make a parallel journey to Pink as they weathered their own experiences with childhood abuse and the failures of the 21st-century United States: the protracted military occupations in the Middle East, economic precarity in a deregulated and deindustrialized economy, drug-dependent burnouts grown from a wildly irresponsible market for medical opioids. For too many people I know, the pain and fear from these institutional betrayals have provoked them to flail wildly for meaning and control. When you’re flailing, the lies of hierarchy and hate can feel like epiphany, especially if you have roots in a heritage that has already tasted of supremacy or has been promised it by the very institutions that betrayed you.

What The Wall argues is that at least in part, such an ideology offers an alternative to the loneliness and isolation and fear of a certain white, usually male demographic. There’s a song not quite halfway through The Wall called “Empty Spaces” in which Pink muses: “What shall we use to fill the empty spaces?” Pink must place something in the void he feels. It’s during this song in the film when the image of “the wall” first appears, as well as the hammers that become the fascist cross. The connection is clear.

That same song also shows what “empty spaces” the wall must rip through to be built: a church, a factory, a city. If fascism is the product of our churches, our economic systems, our nations, we must admit that these institutions have embraced lies. If fascism is the alternative to these institutions, we must ask ourselves why they have become so hollow and expendable.

Watching The Wall as an adult who has also watched people who look a lot like me and my The Wall-loving high school peers engage in misogynist online harassment campaigns, acts of terrorism against refugees and racial minorities, social-media-fueled Proud Boys rhetoric, the Charlottesville rally, the January 6 insurrection, and more, it strikes me that our teenaged identification with Pink was a lot more prescient than I once thought. That realization startled me. Perhaps it shouldn’t have.

Michael O’Malley is a high school English teacher in Knoxville, TN. He loves his wife, two children, and public transportation.

Pink Floyd’s The Wall was released on July 14, 1982. It was written by Roger Waters, directed by Alan Parker, and animated by Gerald Scarfe.