Reverse Theodicy
Marilynne Robinson’s book on Genesis starts simply, but delves into the thorny questions of the first book of the Bible with her characteristic flair.
Review by Hayden Kvamme
Much ink has been spilled interpreting the book of Genesis, and for good reason. This biblical book is so wide-ranging, so hotly debated, and so full of potential that possibilities for dissecting it abound. Is the book the origin story of an ancient people? Is it the beginning of the story of the Scriptures? Is it a collection of disparate folk stories pieced together haphazardly? Is it the primary source of truth regarding cosmic, terrestrial, and human beginnings—or is there any history in the work at all? Speaking of history, how do ancient near eastern writing and story-telling conventions offer insight as to how Genesis itself works and came to be? With so many possible questions to answer (and this is just a sampling), one never quite knows what to expect when picking up a book purportedly on the subject of “the book of Genesis.”
In the early pages of Reading Genesis, Marilynne Robinson seems to settle the question of her own approach swiftly and openly; the opening phrase of the book seems to set a clear trajectory: “the Bible is a theodicy…” Yet Robinson subtly turns typical theodicy on its head. Whereas theodicy aims to reconcile the darkest aspects of reality with the goodness of God, Robinson reads Genesis as a book that aims to reconcile the goodness of God with the darkest aspects of reality. These are not the same thing. Theodicy, in at least some of its forms, asks how one is to believe in a good God who permits so much evil in the world. According to Robinson, Genesis raises the related but different question of why and how, in the midst of so much evil in the world, God persists in being good to and in it, fostering the goodness of this broken world and its broken creatures. As she writes, “to say that God is the good creator of a good creation is not a trivial statement.” For Robinson, what’s remarkable about Genesis, both in its ancient context and today, is that it insists on the goodness of creation without denying the reality of evil.
This angle on the book informs Robinson’s approach to historical-critical questions as well. She concerns herself not with whether the events told in Genesis happened or didn’t happen, but with what their sequence offers as a statement about reality as we know it: particularly, the realities of human sinfulness and God’s grace in the midst of it. She quickly rejects the well-known Documentary Hypothesis of authorship of the book, but she also rejects a straightforward assertion of Moses as its author. Nevertheless, she sees Moses as a key figure in gathering the stories of Genesis while leaving room for later Hebrew teachers to weave the stories together in a particular way. Throughout, the coherence of Genesis remains of paramount concern to Robinson. Nevertheless, these early comments primarily provide the groundwork for her own reading.
Her careful attention to detail, stellar imagination, and persistent attention to the grace of God (familiar to any reader of her fiction) offer many moments in the book to savor.
And what is her own reading? Again, Robinson appears to reveal her hand on this point quickly, yet in other ways she holds her cards close to her chest. She insists early and often that in story after story Genesis makes manifest the faithfulness of God amid the fallenness of humanity. Her book proceeds through Genesis from beginning to end, emphasizing this point in narrative after narrative. One almost gets the impression that Robinson treats each story as a new case study, like a new facet of the diamond of God’s faithfulness. In this vein Robinson’s commentary on the early stories of Genesis reads almost like stream-of-consciousness musings or journal entries, a sense only heightened by the lack of any chapter divisions or page breaks all the way through. This makes the beginning of the book difficult to navigate: in the first sixty pages, Robinson moves from preliminary comments, to creation, to Abraham’s dark dream of his descendants’ slavery in Egypt, to Babylonian epic, to human culpability, to Abraham and Melchizedek, back to the two creation stories, on to the flood, and back to Cain and Abel, in that order. Again, without chapters or even page breaks, the sequence is dizzying, even if ultimately justifiable. Finally, eighty pages in, she begins a steady treatment of the story of Abram and Sarai, and from here Reading Genesis continues clearly and steadily through the rest of Genesis.
Once on this track, however, leave it to Robinson, herself an expert crafter of narrative, to let a deeper interpretation of Genesis as narrative unfurl as the narrative of Genesis itself unfolds. Robinson’s Reading Genesis mirrors Genesis in this regard, slowly revealing its thematic interconnections and overall sense of direction. Her careful attention to detail, stellar imagination, and persistent attention to the grace of God (familiar to any reader of her fiction) offer many moments in the book to savor. The central theme that emerges, though, is not simply the faithfulness of God amid human sinfulness, but also the providence of God in creation. This is where her narrative approach to Genesis and superb attention to character development among its central actors really pays off. Very early in the book, Robinson comments that, “Our human nature as fallen and our human nature as divine have a dynamic, asymptotic relation with each other, meeting at infinity, perhaps.” This paves the way for her insight near the end of the work that, according to Genesis, “the earthly and the providential are separate things only in theory.” As she says, “the text anticipates a thousand questions about this view of human life, in which for most of us little seems like providence.” Robinson proves herself an excellent guide through a number of these thousand questions, as well as demonstrating just how often they arise. They are present amid her creative speculation on Rebekah’s decades-long disappointment over Isaac, and present again amid her convincing description of Jacob’s decades-long anguish over his dishonest sons.
Occasionally, I’m inclined to disagree with Robinson’s take on this or that story. Is the Enoch of Genesis 4:17-18 really the Enoch who walked with God in 5:22? Is the Lamech of chapter 4 also the father of Noah? I’m inclined to answer no to both questions, whereas Robinson suggests yes. How are we to evaluate Joseph’s oversight of the famine in Egypt? Did he save the world or unwittingly and unwisely create the conditions for Israel’s slavery in Egypt? While appreciating Robinson’s insights on these questions, I remain undecided in my own interpretation of that thorny problem. Overall, however, this reader can’t help but delight as one of our time’s greatest living authors explores some of the greatest literature of all time, and all toward the end of magnifying God’s grace, faithfulness, and benign intentions for creation and humanity.
Hayden Kvamme is an associate pastor at Gloria Dei Lutheran Church in Rochester, Minnesota, where he shares in all aspects of pastoral ministry. A math major at Dartmouth, Hayden received his Masters of Divinity degree from Wartburg Seminary in Dubuque, Iowa. He now lives with his wife and their two children in Rochester.
Reading Genesis was published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux on March 12, 2024. Fare Forward appreciates their provision of an advance copy to our reviewer. You can purchase your own copy from the publisher here.